Previously, variations of 'Saint Martin's summer' were widely used across Europe to describe warm weather surrounding St Martin's Day (11 November).

The concept of a warm autumn spell though was not new to the UK. The term was first used in the UK in the early 19 th century and went on to gain widespread usage. In his description of the Mohawk country he writes 'Sometimes the rain is followed by an interval of calm and warm which is called the Indian summer.' The first recorded use of the phrase appears in a letter written by a Frenchman called John de Crevecoeur dated 17 January 1778. Whatever the origin of the phrase, it evidently first was used in the eastern United States. The original source of the phrase is uncertain, several writers have speculated it may originally have referred to a spell of warm, hazy autumn conditions that enabled Indigenous Americans to continue hunting. There is a complicated and unclear history of the exact origins of the phrase and like many other organisations, we choose not to use the expression. The Met Office Meteorological Glossary first published in 1916, defines it as 'a warm, calm spell of weather occurring in autumn, especially in October and November.' Where does the phrase come from? Berler (1991)! Carol has been a Realtor since 1993.Some people refer to this kind of weather as an 'Indian summer', but this isn't a formal meteorological term.

It is a privilege and a treat to have my position at KGNS, and to share my interest and forecasting with our community. In addition to visiting schools and civic organizations, my position has afforded me the opportunity to present at AMS conferences each year since 2003. The NWS/NCEI awarded me the John Campanius Holm Award in 2010, and the Jefferson Award in 2021 for the observational work that I have done (only 5 Jefferson Awards can be conveyed per year in the field of ~12,000 observers nationwide). In May of 2005, I became the 18th broadcast meteorologist in the nation to earn the American Meteorological Society (AMS) Certified Broadcast Meteorologist (CBM) designation. Since then, I have recorded 6 February days that have reached 100F or higher due to the arrival of Mexican Plateau Air at the surface! 2011 featured 122 days that reached 100F or higher. The National Weather Service (NWS) and what would become National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) placed their instrumentation in my care on June 10, 1985. I finally had the chance to obtain my position at KGNS on Valentine's Day in 1980. I got an Ameripass ticket good for two weeks of travel on the Greyhound, and got to El Centro, California, went across and got on a Transportes de Norte bus, and went through Mazatlan, Guadalajara, Mexico City (went to Servicio Meteorologico and picked up a book with the climatological data for ~800 locations), Monterrey, and on to Nuevo Laredo, and arrived in Laredo by walking across the bridge! It was 103F that day! My first experience in doing just that was in August 1977 while on a 2 week vacation from my position at KDAL TV in Duluth, Minnesota. My goal, from that day on was to walk the streets of Laredo at high noon. Looking through an array of climatological data in one of their back rooms, I discovered that Laredo had reached 100F on February 28, 1940. My mom took me to the nearby Weather Bureau at age 10.

Growing up in Westport, Connecticut, 100F heat was something that brought images of exotic tropical locations such as India, the Middle East, northern Africa, and the U.S. At about the same time, I discovered the daily weathermap in the New York Times, isobars and all! In 1962, at age 8, I ordered the climatological data for 600 worldwide locations from the United States Weather Bureau for 5 cents. I had an interest in meteorology and weather at an early age.

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